|
Capacities of wine casks were formerly measured and standardised according to a specific system of English units. The various units were historically defined in terms of the wine gallon so varied according to the definition of the gallon until the adoption of the Queen Anne wine gallon in 1707. In the United Kingdom and its colonies the units were redefined with the introduction of the imperial system whilst the Queen Anne wine gallon was adopted as the standard US liquid gallon. The major wine producing countries use barrels extensively and have developed standards at variance with the traditional English volumes (e.g. a hogshead of , a barrique of (Bordeaux), (Australia) of (Burgundy) and a puncheon of )〔http://www.apjohn.com.au/Upload/PrintPages/AP%20John_Technical_Specifications.pdf〕 are commonly used in the wine and wine cooperage industries. ==Units== ;Tun The tun (, (ラテン語:tunellus), Middle Latin: ''ラテン語:tunna'') is an English unit of ''liquid volume'' (not weight), used for measuring wine, oil or honey. Typically a large vat or vessel, most often holding 252 wine gallons, but occasionally other sizes (e.g. 256, 240 and 208 gal) were also used.〔 In one example from 1507, a tun is defined as 240 gallons. ;Pipe or butt The butt (from the mediæval French and Italian ''botte'') or pipe was half a tun. Tradition has it that George, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Edward IV of England, was drowned in a butt of malmsey on 18 February 1478.〔(Dukes of Great Britain )〕〔(Biography Channel Duke of Clarence )〕 In Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Cask of Amontillado", the narrator claims he has received "a pipe of what passes for Amontillado". In Edward Bulwer-Lytton's novel "Paul Clifford", Lord Mauleverer states to Lawyer William Brandon "Because he sent me, in the handsomest manner possible, a pipe of that wonderful Madeira, which you know I consider the chief grace of my cellars, and he gave up a canal navigation bill, which would have enriched his whole county, when he knew that it would injure my property." ;Puncheon or tertian The puncheon was a third of a tun. The term ''puncheon'', shortened to pon in the United States, is thought to derive from the fact that it would have been marked by use of a punch to denote its contents. The unit was also known as a ''tertian'' (from the Latin word for "third").〔 ;Hogshead (詳細はbeer hogshead, the wine hogshead was equal to half a butt or a quarter of a tun. ;Tierce (詳細はoil barrel, the tierce was half a puncheon, a third of a butt or a sixth of a tun. ;Barrel The wine barrel was half a wine hogshead or an eighth of a tun. ;Rundlet The rundlet was a seventh of a butt or a fourteenth of a tun. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「English wine cask units」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|